Expert Opinion#

Case Reports#

Case-Controlled#

Epidemiology#

Cohort#

Longitudinal#

Ecological#

Randomized Control Trials (RTCs)#

Blinded#

Placebo#

Parallel, Crossover, Factorial and Cluster#

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis#

The Misuse of Meta-analysis in Nutrition Research#

Mendelian Randomization#

Guidelines#

Not so great examples#

Scientific articles can be published and not be interpreter properly for multiple reasons, for example:

• The comparison is not appropriate to answer the question
• The result is not statistically significant
• The measurement is a mechanism, not an outcome
• The abstract is not representative of the results
• The populations is not representative of you or the general population
• High rates of participant dropout
• Confounding variables are not taken into account
• Variables are controlled when they should not be
• Non-scientific reporting of findings

Consuming Two Eggs per Day, as Compared to an Oatmeal Breakfast, Decreases Plasma Ghrelin while Maintaining the LDL/HDL Ratio#

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/2/89

• LDL/HDL Ratio is not a good biomarker. LDL did increase. But the ratio was used to represent CVD risk, even though LDL by itself is a causal predictor of CVD
• The change in fasting ghrelin was not statistically significant. Neither where the subjective measures.
• The change was performed at breakfast and they measured after a whole day of eating
• Fasting ghrelin was used over total calorie consumption or weight gain. Mechanisms are important, but results are what matter

One Egg per Day Improves Inflammation when Compared to an Oatmeal-Based Breakfast without Increasing Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients#

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4446761/

• The Oatmeal-Based Breakfast was 40g of oatmeal with 2 cups of milk